He named his cousin Archbishop of Florence and a Cardinal in 1513. Both England and France named him cardinal protector to defend their interests in the curia. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Having previously served as the Archbishop of Florence, he took charge of the papacy during a very delicate situation, right after the end of the Italian Renaissance. Clement’s incapacitation complicated the English king Henry VIII’s request for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Clement’s eleven-year pontificate saw his political diplomacy turn into a marked weakness as he failed to act decisively on two fronts: the Habsburg-Valois rivalry between Charles V and French king Francis I, and the ongoing religious controversy within the church revolving around Luther. Bunson noted that he served as an advisor to both his cousin, Pope Leo X, and to his successor, … Clement had everything Phillip wanted in a pope: He was puny, weak, new in the job, and owed everything to his French king. Born Giulio de’ Medici in Florence on May 26, 1478, he was the illegitimate son of Giuliano de’ Medici and his mistress. He supported Charles in the fighting that ended in the Battle of Pavia (February 24, 1525), during which Francis was taken prisoner. The future Clement VII was a well-respected man in Rome. Clement was the son of Giuliano de Medici, who was brother to Lorenzo the Magnificence. Despite the fiscal constraints left him by the exhausted papal treasury of his cousin, Clement remained a patron of Renaissance art and letters, supporting the Florentine historian Francesco Guicciardini, the famed political thinker Nicolo Machiavelli, and artists Michelangelo and Raphael. He commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel before his death. Between 1562 and 1598, France was afflicted with civil wars between Clement VIII, pope from 1592 to 1605, the last pontiff to serve during the Counter-Reformation. Pope Clement VII (Italian: Papa Clemente VII; Latin: Clemens VII) (26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death on 25 September 1534. Clement VII was thus the unintentional originator of a fashion that lasted well over a century. Clement VII excommunicated the English king, and with that the church lost a whole kingdom. It also effectively made Clement a prisoner in Castle Sant’ Angelo for the next six months. Clement soon thereafter died on September 25, 1534 and was buried in Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Giulio served the new pope as he had Leo X, and when Adrian died in 1523, Giulio was elected, taking the name Clement VII. The following year, however, he joined Francis in founding the League of Cognac, a treaty opposing Charles. His reign was dominated by the spread of the Protestant Reformation, the conflict between France and the Empire, and the divorce of Henry VIII of England. Clement’s anti-imperial policy increased Charles’s difficulties in Germany, especially his battle against the growing Reformation. Charles eventually recessed the 1526 Diet of Speyer by suspending the edict, thereby allowing Protestantism more time to grow. Pope Clement VII was also known as: Giulio de' Medici Pope Clement VII is noted for: Failing to recognize and deal with the significant changes of the Reformation.Indecisive and in over his head, Clement's inability to stand strong against the powers of France and the Holy Roman Empire made an unstable situation worse. The next day, after a conclave lasting seven weeks, Medici was elected Pope and adopted the name of Clement VII. Matthew Bunson, author of The Pope Encyclopedia, wrote that his cousin, now Pope Leo X, ignored the tradition of illegitimate men not being able to be serve as bishops. To avoid potential data charges from your carrier, we recommend making sure your device is connected to a Wi-Fi network before downloading. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Francis opposed such a council, and Clement was continually prevented from action on the urgent need for reform. He sent Lorenzo Campeggio as papal legate to the 1524 diet in Nuremberg so the cardinal could support Charles’s Edict of Worms, which had made Luther an outlaw in the empire. After considerable procrastination, which brought about Wolsey’s fall and the triumph of the anti-ecclesiastical party in England, Clement accelerated the breaking of the English church from Rome by finally pronouncing Henry’s marriage to Catherine valid in 1533. During the attack, Clement sought refuge in the Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome and then lived outside Rome for almost one year. It is an untranslated letter and signed as Cardinal de’Medici in 1520.. King Henry VIII broke off relations with Pope Clement VII when he wouldn’t give Henry permission to marry Ann Boleyn. Open Content images tend to be large in file-size. Pope John XII (955 to 964) Attaining the title of pope at age 18, John XII was quickly deemed lazy … Clement VII, POPE (GIUNTO DE’ MEDICI), b. Pope Clement VI, born as Pierre Roger in Acquitaine, France, in 1291, had been elected pope about six years before the plague's outbreak, in May 7, 1342. Clement’s alliance with France led to the emperor’s sack of Rome in May 1527. The artifact presented here is a document signed prior to Clement VII’s pontificate. Clement obliged by staying in France, having his ceremony of investiture in Lyons. Later that year, Leo would elevate him to cardinal of Santa Maria Dominica by declaring the betrothal between Giuliano and his mistress legitimate. He gravely underestimated the depth and the dangers of his unpopularity in Germany, and the Reformation found the papacy psychologically unprepared for a radical and permanent rejection of its authority. In 1521, Clement’s efforts led to an alliance between the pope and the new emperor, Charles V, whose candidacy Leo had opposed. For the antipope (1378–1394) see Antipope Clement VII Clement VII (May 26, 1478 – September 25, 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was a cardinal from September 23, 1513 to November 19, 1523 and was Pope from November 19, 1523 to September 25, 1534. He was primarily seen as a Renaissance prince preoccupied with Italian politics and the advancement of his family, the Medici. Early Life. Thus, by 1530, when Charles, after Clement crowned him at Bologna (the last imperial coronation by a pope), again gave his attention to Germany, it was too late. In 1523 he was elected to succeed Adrian VI. Clement VII, c.1475–1534, pope (1523–34), a Florentine named Giulio de' Medici; successor of Adrian VI. He also lent valuable assistance in men and money to the emperor in his contest with the Turks in Hungary. His intelligence was of a high order, though his diplomacy was feeble and irresolute. Clement VII would have been remembered as one … It allows you to forgive unforgivable actions done towards you. His father, Giuliano de' Medici, was assassinated in the Pazzi Conspiracy. He was an Italian prince, a de’ Medici, and a diplomat first, and a spiritual ruler afterwards. An intellectual and a renowned musician, he was a highly discriminating patron whose circle included Baldassare Castiglione and Paolo Giovio. Clement needed to keep the peace with Henry, who had been a supporter of the papacy against the early reformers, but Henry’s wife happened to be Charles’s aunt. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The last stand of the Swiss Guard allowed Pope Clement VII time to escape the Vatican, and it weakened and demoralized the mutineers to such an extent that they could not hold the city. Unlike his predecessor, who had eagerly sought a council, Clement resisted it despite pressure from Charles. AKA Giulio de Medici. In 1598 Pope Clement won still more credit for the papacy by bringing about a definite treaty of peace between Spain and France in the Treaty of Vervins and between France and Savoy. When Leo rose to the pontificate in 1513, he named Clement archbishop of Florence through a dispensation from canonical restrictions against illegitimate children attaining ecclesiastical office. He was released in December 1527, but fled the city to reside in Orvieto and Viterbo until October 1528. The Protestants suffered an estimated 15,000 casualties – three quarters of their fighting force. The second Medici to wear the papal tiara in three pontificates, Clement VII’s tenure was marked by his relative inability to make progress in the face of political and ecclesiastical challenges. He furthered angered Charles in 1525 by joining the League of Cognac with France, Milan, Florence, and Venice. Not as decisive or pragmatic as his cousin, Clement nevertheless played a leading role for the two popes preceding him, largely for his diplomatic adroitness. Pope Clement VII. On January 5, 1531, Pope Clement VII sends a letter to King Henry VIII of England forbidding him to remarry under penalty of excommunication. Pope Clement VII. Clement eventually named Trent as the site for a future council, but he continued to delay its convocation. As pope, Clement had difficulty making decisions, which proved disastrous in the political climate of the time. He was the 220th Pope from 1523 to 1534. Pope Clement VII. Henry, … Early in 1378, a group of primarily Italian cardinals elected Urban VI as pope. Season 1. He named his cousin Archbishop of Florence and a Cardinal in 1513. The second Medici to wear the papal tiara in three pontificates, Clement VII’s tenure was marked by his relative inability to make progress in the face of political and ecclesiastical challenges. The holder of numerous church offices, he was made cardinal in 1585 by Pope Sixtus V and elected pope as Clement VIII on Jan. 30, 1592. Clement’s religious and political timorousness was most exemplified by his handling of the Anne Boleyn affair. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He was the nephew of Lorenzo de' Medici and was therefore first cousin of Pope Leo X. Pope Clement VII is one of the legendary Renaissance Popes, coming from the House of Medici and the pope under whom Henry VIII established the English Church. Sebastiano del Piombo (Italian, about 1485 - 1547) 105.4 × 87.6 cm (41 1/2 × 34 1/2 in.) As cardinal he commissioned Raphael to paint the huge altarpiece the “Transfiguration” for his cathedral at Narbonne, France. Ago – Faith & Prayer Magnolia, Steven Ozment to Lecture on Luther and Cranach, The Protestant Reformation and the Arts – Discoveries, Luther’s Pastor. It is an untranslated letter and signed as Cardinal de’Medici in 1520.. King Henry VIII broke off relations with Pope Clement VII when he wouldn’t give Henry permission to marry Ann Boleyn. Trained as a Benedictine monk, Clement, the fourth of the seven Avignon popes, had previously been the archbishop of Sens and of Rouens, respectively. The recurrent conflicts between Charles and the pope over the next few years, however, kept the emperor from pressing the matter. As were the pontiffs mentioned, Clement was financially unsystematic and extravagant. Although his uncle had planned a military career for him, Giulio de' Medici was interested in a life in the clergy. His indecisiveness allowed the Protestant Reformation to grow and resulted in Henry VIII’s eventual split from Rome. Pope Clement VII (26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was a cardinal from 1513 to 1523 and was Pope from 1523 to 1534.. Pope Clement VII (26 May 1478 25 September 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to … There the future Clement would be raised alongside his cousin, the future pope. Bolstered by Swiss troops, Charles eventually sacked Rome in May 1527, laying siege to the city and desecrating many of the architectural and artistic gains made under the Renaissance popes. When Leo X died in 1521, Cardinal de' Medici helped get Adrian IV elected pope. Era: 1523-1534. Hadrian died unexpectedly less than two years after his elevation, leading to a protracted fifty-day conclave to determine his replacement. Robert Kolb to Speak at Concordia Seminary on “Luther’s Fiercest Foes”, Miroslav Volf to Speak at Concordia Seminary, The “Three Kingdoms” of Simon Musaeus: An essay from the Festschrift for James M. Estes, Session 4 Links - Christ the King Lutheran Church, Session 2 Links - Christ the King Lutheran Church, Luther’s Reformation 500 Yrs. An illegitimate son of Giuliano de’ Medici (not to be confused with Giuliano de’ Medici, duc de Nemours, his cousin), he was reared by his uncle Lorenzo the Magnificent. Under pressure from Charles, the pope finally had the case transferred to Rome in 1529 and came to excommunicate Henry only in 1533 and void both his divorce to Catherine and his remarriage in 1534. In this image, Urban VI sits at the right, and Clement VII sits at the left, flanked by his supporters. A few weeks later, the French were defeated in Italy; Clement brought the revocation of Catherine’s cause to Rome (July 1529) and in March 1530 forbade Henry to remarry until the papal verdict was pronounced. The future Clement VII was a well-respected man in Rome. Though he was a prospect for the pontificate when Leo died in 1521, Clement lost the election to Hadrian VI, the former Adrian Florensz and bishop of Utrecht. While Clement’s political foibles as pope proved more embarrassing publicly, his inability to stem the tide of the Reformation had more lasting consequences. Clement’s position was weakened in 1526, when the French lost to Charles’s forces at Pavia, leading to the imprisonment of Francis himself. He was the illegitimate son of Giuliano de’ Medici (1453–1478) and Fioretta Gorini. Leo appointment him papal vice-chancellor in March 1517 and in May 1519 made him papal legate to Tuscany, where he governed Florence. In 1533, Johann Widmanstetter (alternately spelled John Widmanstad), a secretary of Pope Clement VII, explained the Copernican system to the Pope and two cardinals. It eradicates obstacles and strengthens desires for comfort. While he had applied some of the reform dictates from the Fifth Lateran Council in his Florence diocese, that same commitment to reform never followed under his pontificate. Since Clement was at the time still imprisoned by Charles, he reserved judgment on the matter. Roman Catholic Pope, 1523-34. The saga started in 1527, when the English king, Henry VIII, sought to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled. Bunson noted that he served as an advisor to both his cousin, Pope Leo X, and to his successor, Pope Adrian VI… Pope Clement VII. Although his uncle had planned a military career for him, Giulio de' Medici was interested in a life in the clergy. Clement VII, original name Giulio de’ Medici, (born May 26, 1478, Florence [Italy]—died September 25, 1534, Rome), pope from 1523 to 1534. Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage of King Henry VIII of England, thus prompting the English Reformation, and England ceased communication with Rome.. Updates? Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Clement-VII-pope, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Pope Clement VII, Luminarium Encyclopedia - Biography of Clement VII. After the new pope’s election, he failed to renew a defensive alliance between Charles and the French intended to protect the Eastern front of Europe against the Turk. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Catherine of Aragon, painting by Michael Sittow, late 15th or early 16th century; in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Johannes Bugenhagen. A weak, vacillating figure in the political struggles between King Francis I of France and the Holy Roman emperor Charles V for the domination of Europe, Clement shifted his support from one to the other while attempting to maintain control of Italy. Omissions? Page 2 of 50 - About 500 Essays The Little Mermaid And Sakuntala And The Ring Of Recollection. Giulio de’ Medici was born a few months after the death of his father, Giuliano, who was slain at Florence in the disturbances which followed the Pazzi conspiracy. In 1528 France invaded Italy, and Clement delegated Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio as co-legate with Cardinal Wolsey to try Henry’s case in England, but on May 31, 1529, Catherine denied their jurisdiction and appealed to Rome to sustain a validation of her marriage. The protracted affair led to England’s decision to forge religious independence from Rome and eventually to accept the Reformation. Giuliano was murdered shortly after his son’s birth, so the boy was taken in by his wealthy uncle, banking magnate Lorenzo the Magnificent. Birthplace: Florence, Italy Location of death: Rome, Italy Cause of death: unspecified Remains: Buried,. The Pope was so pleased that he gave Widmanstetter a valuable gift. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Together with his cousin, Leo X, he represented nearly twenty years of Medici governance in Rome and he stood in stark contrast to his more reform-minded predecessor, Adrian VI, and successor, Paul III. Pope Clement VII was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to 25 September 1534. The Act of Supremacy followed (November 1534), making the king of England head of the English church. Pope Clement VII. Clement VII, Italian pope from 1523 to 1534. Matthew Bunson, author of The Pope Encyclopedia,wrote that his cousin, now Pope Leo X, ignored the tradition of illegitimate men not being able to be serve as bishops. When his cousin was made Pope Leo X, young Giulio was made cardinal of Florence. Death and character. He was born in Florence one month after his father's death. Hadrian was selected chiefly for his commitment to reform and his relationship with the emperor, whom he had served as tutor in Burgundy, but the Medici cardinal still continued his leading diplomatic role in the curia under the new pope. Pope Clement VII. After Adrian's death two years later, de' Medici was chosen pope, taking the name Clement VII, on November 18, 1523, amid much celebration in Rome. He was made archbishop of Florence and cardinal in 1513 by his cousin Pope Leo X, whose political policies he influenced. He planned an impressive group of monuments to members of his family for the New Sacristy (Sagrestia Nuova) in San Lorenzo, Florence, and in 1520 Michelangelo began the designs, which were to rank among the finest of his sculptures. 1478; d.September 25, 1534. Giulio de’ Medici, the illegitimate son of Giuliano de’Medici, was born in 1479 shortly after the murder of his father in the cathedral of Florence. Although he was a member of the wealthy Medici family, Clement VII was reported to be a personally devout and serious-minded pope. As interim measures, he declared that a reform of the curia was needed because of the excessive accumulation of benefices and he promised a special investigation of all Roman benefices by a team of auditors, though it never came to fruition. Reformation Church | church history review. Clement VII (Latin: Clemens Septimus; 26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church. In life, special circumstances let you see the truth. Like the preceding popes Alexander VI, Julius II, and Leo X, Clement appeared to his contemporaries primarily as a Renaissance prince preoccupied with Italian politics, the patronage and enjoyment of Renaissance culture, and the advancement of his family, the Medici. Contents[show] Early life He was born in Florence one month after his father's death. 92.PC.25. This time Clement was the candidate favored by Charles and the cardinals selected him on November 19, 1523. Corrections? In 1309, he moved the Holy See to the city of Avignon (which was actually owned by the king of Sicily), right on Phillip’s back doorstep. The new peace was confirmed when the pope crowned Charles at Bologna in February 1530—the last pope to so crown an emperor. The Reformation in Germany worsened when Charles released Clement without attempting to secure a guarantee that ecclesiastical reform would commence or that a general council would be convened to solve the problem raised by the Lutheran movement. In their verdict upon the character of Pope Clement VII almost all historians are agreed. His indecisiveness allowed the Protestant revolt to grow, which was nurtured further by Henry’s eventual split from Rome. Pope Clement VII (Giulio de’ Medici) was the nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Beyond these prominent public failings, Clement generally represents the last of the Renaissance popes before the era of the Counter Reformation that began with the Council of Trent under Paul III. Left Behind - (Mentioned) Count Vincent asked where the glasses with the golden rims from Pope Clement were.. Queen Catherine talks about her childhood, and how Pope Clement VII was the one to save her when … Reconciliation occurred only when Clement, still largely at the mercy of Charles, came to the conclusion that the Reformation in Germany and the threat of war with Ottoman forces were greater threats to them than each other. The artifact presented here is a document signed prior to Clement VII’s pontificate. Each cardinal received one thousand ducats; Colonna was given the vice-chancellorship and the Riario palace, and Soderini was restored to all his possessions. Later that same year, an opposing group of French cardinals elected Clement VII as pope, and he established the seat of his papacy in Avignon, France. Clement VII (Latin: Clemens Septimus; 26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church.He was the 220th Pope from 1523 to 1534. 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