(a) Name the reaction which is usually used in the conversion of vegetable oils to fats. What is the difference between two consecutive homologues : Name the gas evolved when ethanoic acid is added to sodium carbonate. Ethyne (acetylene) burn with a sooty flame because ethyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon and the percentage of carbon in these hydrocarbons is comparatively higher which does not get oxidised completely in oxygen of air. Alternatively a dot method can be used to draw the lewis structure. What happens when (give chemical equation) : (b) C3H7OH HARD. (b) Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications ? They are quite unreactive hence they undergo substitution reaction with chlorine in presence of sunlight. Butanone is another member of this homologous series. (i) Aldehyde group (ii) Alcohol group (iii) Carboxylic acid group (iv) Halo group Soaps are molecules in which the two ends have differing properties, one is hydrophilic, that is it dissolves in water, while the other end is hydrophobic, that is it dissolves in hydrocarbons. (d) C5H8; Also write its formula. Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of ethane. Write the molecular formula of ethanol. Explain why, alkanes are excellent fuels. Give the common names and IUPAC names of the following compounds : (a) What is element A ? (b) Name the liquid Y. Solution : Question 69: (c) Give any two differences between soaps and detergents. Draw the electron dot structure of O 2 and N 2 molecules. Question 6: Solution : Question 22: (ii) Write the name and formula of organic compound formed. Solution : (d) State one advantage of soaps over detergents. (c) Name the functional groups present in the following compounds : (b) Give the molecular formula of butane and mention the names of its two isomers. (b) CH3COOH Give the name and structural formula of one homologue of the following : Fill in the following blanks with suitable words : formaldehyde What do you call the compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms ? Question 22: (a) Sodium metal test: Add a small piece of sodium metal to the organic liquid (to be tested), taken in a dry test tube. (i) It is used in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, lacquers, medicines, perfumes, dyes, soaps and synthetic rubber. (e) Addition reaction, Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:267, Question 73: Compare the ability of catenation of the two elements. Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:241. Choose two compounds which can react in the presence of cone. Solution : Inside water, these molecules have a unique orientation that keeps the hydrocarbon portion inside the water. (c) Ethylbromide Compound A on treatment with an alcohol C in the presence of a little of concentrated sulphuric acid forms a sweet-smelling compound D (molecular formula C3H602). (b) propanol into propanoic acid ? Question 36: Graphite: Then add 5 to 10 grams of common salt (sodium chloride). (a) burn with a flame ? (a) (i) C4H8 (ii) C3H8 (e) Alkynes Solution : (a) Methanoicacid – Formic acid (c) What is allotrope B ? Describe one reaction of ethanol. Give the name of each series. (c) Name the three allotropic forms of carbon. Question 3: Solution : 3. Give the name and structural formula of one homologue of HCOOH. An allotrope Y of this element is used as a dry lubricant in machinery and also in making pencil leads. Solution : (f) B, Question 64: C3H4, Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:239, Question 1: (c) What makes the candle flame yellow and luminous ? Ethene is formed when ethanol is heated with conc. Z is ethyl ethanoate (a) When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate, then a salt X is formed and a gas Y is evolved. (e) CH3COOH; Acetic acid (iii) Alcohol group Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used ? The isomer B is also a liquid. Would you be able to check whether water is hard by using a detergent ? (b) 14 u (c) Write the molecular formula and structure of benzene. (d) Butanoic acid, CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH Solution : Give IUPAC names of the following compounds : (a) What is a homologous series ? C3H4; C2H6 CH3OH Each carbon atom in the diamond crystal is linked to four other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds. Write the name of another member of this homologous series. (c) The next higher homologue of ethane is……….. Carbon. Switch. (i) Catenation (b) Write the names and structural formulae of all the possible isomers of hexane. Write the names of any two isomers represented by the molecular formula C5H12. Explain with an example. (c) Hydrocarbons (c) Uses of ethanol: Question 58: (f) Which allotrope is used in making anode of a dry cell ? (d) (i) Used in rock drilling equipment (ii) Used in making jewellery. Solution : Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is evolved in the reaction. (ii) Aldehyde group (a) Give the names and structural formulae of the next two higher homologues of methane. What are the raw materials required for making soap in a laboratory (or at home) ? What is the common name of methanal ? Write its name and structural formula. (a) What is meant by a substitution reaction ? (c) When soap is used for washing clothes with hard water, a large amount of soap in water is reacting with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form an insoluble precipitate called scum, before it can be used for the real purpose of washing. The solid element A exhibits the property of catenation. (ii) A graphite crystal has flat hexagonal rings structure. HCHO, C2H5OH, C2H6, CH3COOH, C2H5C1 (a) Butanol, C4H9OH (a) when one H atom of C3H8 is replaced by a Cl atom. (d) Name the liquid Z. The synthetic diamonds are small whereas natural (ii) Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) False, Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:221. (b) How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of a chemical property ? 15. H2SO4 ? (ii) Any two adjacent homologues differ by 1 carbon atom and 2 hydrogen atoms in their molecular formulae. (b) Write the electron-dot structure of A. (v) Halo group (b) State two characteristics of a homologous series. An organic acid X is a liquid, Which often freezes during winter time in cold countries, having the molecular formula C2H402. (a) The form of carbon which is known as black lead is…………………….. (d) State any two uses of diamond. (a) Draw the structures for the following compounds : (a) How is ethanoic acid obtained from ethanol ? (a) Element E: Carbon (a) An organic compound X of molecular formula C2H4O2 gives brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogencarbonate. (b) Use of synthetic detergents causes pollution of water. (f) Esterification reaction. (a) Soap can be prepared in the laboratory as follows: (a) Write the name and formula of an organic compound containing a ketone functional group. What is the Structure of an Ethane Molecule?. Give the name of another member of this homologous series. Compound D on treatment with NaOH solution gives back B and C. Identify A, B, C and D. (a) Give the name and structural formula of one member each of the following : Give reason for your observation. Solution : (i) CH3COCH3 (ii) CH3COCH2CH3 Question 18: Also write its formula. (c) Alkene, CnH2n This rigid structure of diamond makes it a very hard substance. Compound X reacts with Y on warming in the presence of cone. 2. [Hint: The eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring. (a) What happens when ethanol is oxidised with alkaline potassium permanganate (or acidified potassium dichromate) ? How many hexagons of carbon atoms are present in one molecule of buckminsterfullerene ? C2H6 When the organic liquid A is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170°C, it forms a compound B which decolourises bromine water. H2S04. (c) Liquid state (a) Products from Oil. Give an example (with equation) of the substitution reaction of, an alkane. Methanol damages the optic nerve causing permanent blindness in a person. Solution : (d) Used for making jewellery Which of the following molecule/species is having maximum number of lone pairs in Lewis-dot structure? Solution : Question 18: This formation is called a micelle. Solution : Question 36: Write the electron-dot structures for : (i) ethane, (ii) ethene, and (iii) ethyne. (i) CH3COOH (ii) CH3CH2CHO (iii) C2H5OH (iv) CH3COCH2CH3 (b) Why is ethanol used as a fuel ? It burns on heating to form carbon dioxide and nothing is left behind. Carbon and Silicon exhibit the property of catenation. Solution : (e) C Write the names of the following functional groups : = 17)?.. X is ethanol Solution : (ii) CnH2n Will the current flow through the electrical circuit when we use the sharpened ends of the pencil to complete the circuit ? On warming it with methanol in the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, a compound Y with a sweet smell is formed. (d) What type of smell is given by compound Z ? Explain with examples. Solution : Solution : Which of the following compounds can have a triple bond ? D is methyl ethanoate, CH3COOCH3. (d) State any two uses of graphite. (c) Butanal, CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO Finally, lewis dot structure of ethane can also be written in similar way. Name the element whose one of the allotropic forms is buckminsterfullerene. What is the common name of methanol ? (ii) Double bond: Ethene, CH2=CH2. (b) Esters are formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of conc. These solid carbon particles rise in the flame, get heated and glow to give out yellowish light. Common salt is added to precipitate out all the soap from the aqueous solution. (b)(i) Diamond is hard whereas graphite is soft. Answer: Question 5. (a). (a) CH3COOH is a c arboxylic acid. (e) Propanone, CH3-CO-CH3, Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:262. (a) Fuels which vaporise on heating, burn with a flame. You are given the following molecular formulae of some hydrocarbons : Solution : Write the names and structural formulae of the aldehyde and ketone represented by this molecular formula. (a) What is graphite ? Reaction: For exampe: methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), ethene (C2H4), and ethyne (C2H2), all are hydrocarbons as they are made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen. How is it related to diamond and graphite ? (b) What type of compound is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of cone. (a) What are hydrocarbons ? C4H10; C5H8; C5H10 Solution : (a) C5H12O or C5H11OH To which homologous series does it belong ? (b) A carboxylic acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate to give brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide gas but an alcohol does not react with sodium hydrogencarbonate. a CH2 group. On the other hand, dilute hydrochloric acid turns universal indicator paper to red, showing that its pH is about 1. (ii) Two consecutive homologues differ by 1 carbon atom and 2 hydrogen atoms in their molecular formulae. (b) Choose those compounds from the following which can turn blue litmus solution red : Give the common name and IUPAC name of the simplest aldehyde. Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane ? (c) The molecular formula of an organic compound is C18H36. C7H12 (b) Graphite (ii) Heavy drinking of alcohol on a particular occasion leads to staggered movement, slurred speech and vomiting. Alkanes: Catenation is the ability of an atom to form bonds with other atoms of the same element. 14. (a) Write names and formulae of hydrocarbons containing a single and a double bond (one example for each). What causes these differences ? (a) Air holes of a gas burner have to be adjusted when the vessels being heated get blackened by the flame. (b) Liquid Y is Propanone; it belongs to homologous series of ketones. Write the structural formula of propyne. (a) Acetone – CH3COCH3 Give reasons for the following observations : To which homologous series does it belong ? In addition to some propane and ethane, LPG cylinders contain mainly two isomers of another alkane. Write the formula of the organic compound. Name the process in each case and write the equations of the reactions involved. Methanoic acid is another member of this homologous series. Name the element whose allotropic form is graphite. (e) Name two other allotropes of element X. Solution : (k) The IUPAC name of ethylene is………………. (i) 14 u (b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (c) Explain how coal was formed in the earth. (d) What is compound C ? In this way, we can write lewis dot structures very easily by knowing the electronic configuration of the atom. Ethyne (triple bond): C2H2 How many electrons are used to draw the electron-dot structure for ethane, a covalent compound with the formula C2H6? Solution : Question 72: (e) Name a fossil fuel other than coal and petroleum. What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate ? (e) Carboxylic acids, Question 26: (f) Name a yet another allotrope of element A which conducts electricity. Question 36: (d) State another use of allotrope C (other than in glass cutters). If bubbles (or effervescence) of hydrogen gas are produced, it indicates that the given organic liquid is an alcohol. When the dirty cloth is agitated in soap solution, the oily dirt particles entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in water and the cloth gets cleaned. (b) How would you distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid by chemical test ? arrangement only by sharing of electrons. It is also present in the form of a gas B in the air which is utilised by plants in photosynthesis. Yes, current will flow through the circuit since graphite is a good conductor of electricity. Alkynes: Solution : (d) F2. Question 37: PLAY. C2H4, C3H4, C3H6 Solution : (a) Hydrocarbons Solution : Question 10: Name the black substance of pencil. Question 40: Write. Liquid vegetable oils are hydrogenated into vegetable ghee (solid fat). An organic compound A (molecular formula C2H402) reacts with Na metal to form a compound B and evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound. (i) alkane (ii) alkene (iii) alkyne (iv) cycloalkane Write the IUPAC names, common names and formulae of the first two members of the homologous series of carboxylic acids. Give the IUPAC name of the following compound: C 2 H 6. Question 35: How is this property helpful to us ? (a) Describe, giving equation, a chemical reaction which is characteristic of saturated hydrocarbons (or alkanes). (a) What is element X ? With four single bonds, carbon has a tetrahedral structure, while with one double bond it's structure is trigonal planar, and with a triple bond it has a linear structure. How would you convert: Graphite is used as a lubricant in the form of graphite powder or mixed with petroleum jelly or with any lubricant oil to form graphite grease. Solution : (ii) Urea, CO(NH2)2 (b) Write down the structures and names of two isomers of butane (C4H10) Question 10: (c) 1 carbon atom and 2 hydrogen atoms i.e. Solution : Carbon. Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:264. (h) Carbon compounds have usually……………….. melting points and boiling points because they are……………… in nature. The other halogen molecules (F2, Br2, I2, and At2) form bonds like those in the chlorine molecule: one single bond between atoms and three lone pairs of electrons per atom. Solution : (a) What type of compound is CH3COOH ? Question 68: (d) Ketone group, -CO-. Hydrogen can only form 1 bond.. Solution : Question 5: (a) Name the gas evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium. (e) In an organic compound, any atom other than carbon and hydrogen is called a heteroatom. (c) Propane (c) Draw the structure for bromopentane. Nickel or palladium can be used as catalyst in the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds. Ethane. Write the molecular formula of the following compounds and draw their electron-dot structures : (i) Ethane asked Jul 12, 2018 in Chemistry by Anukriti bharti ( 38.1k points) carbon and its … (c) Diamond has a high melting point because a lot of heat energy is required to break the network of strong covalent bonds in the diamond crystal. This rigid structure of diamond makes it a very hard substance. Solution : (b) What substance should be oxidised to prepare CH3COOH ? What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the formation of a large number of carbon compounds ? Solution : Question 21: Give the name and structural formula of an alkyl group. (b) Which compound on treatment with cone. (a)Salt X is sodium ethanoate, CH3COONa; Gas Y is carbon dioxide, CO2 (iv) Propyne, Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:223, Question 39: 6. A gaseous material Z which occurs along with petroleum is increasingly being used as a fuel in running vehicles in its compressed form. A graphite crystal consists of layers of carbon atoms or sheets of carbon atoms and these layers are held together by weak Van der Waals forces. (b) (i) Halo group: -X (b) The molecular (iv) Ketone group Why is the conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction ? C5H10; C6H12, Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:225, Question 65: Acids react with alcohols to form sweet smelling esters. Solution : Question 49: (a) (i) Ammonium Carbon forms strong bonds among themselves and with other elements and this makes the carbon compounds stable whereas silicon shows catenation property due to which it forms compounds with hydrogen having chains of up to 7 or 8 silicon atoms; but due to weak bonds, these compounds are unstable. Question 31: (d) The functional group present in ethanol is………. On the other hand, ethane being an alkane is a saturated compound which does not decolourise bromine water. What is the common name of : (a) methanoic acid, and (b) ethanoic acid ? Why ? Using electron-dot diagrams which show only the outermost shell electrons show how a molecule of oxygen O2 is formed from two oxygen atoms. Which of the two is better for washing clothes when the water is hard : soap or detergent ? Give the name and structural formula of one member of the following : An organic compound A having the molecular formula C3H8O is a liquid at room temperature. (b) What is allotrope A ? (b) (i) Acetylene (b) What is compound B ? (c) Write IUPAC name of the compound having the formula n-C4H10. (b) The sodium salt of a long chain fatty acid is called……………….. Q.5 Draw the electron dot structures for (a) ethanoic acid. What type of fuels : (b) The structure of graphite is very different from that of diamond. These are organic acids. (d) Alkene Solution : Give equation of the reaction which takes place. (b) C6H6 Diamond, Question 11: CH4 Solution : (a) What happens when methane (natural gas) burns in air ? This reaction is called dehydration. (i) It leads to the formation of soot which is nothing but unburnt carbon which pollutes the atmosphere, blackens cooking utensils. (d) Select the hydrocarbons which belong to the same homologous series. Solution : Solution : Solution : H2S04 to give a sweet smelling substance Z. Question 56: In allotrope C, each atom of element E is surrounded by four other E atoms to form a rigid structure. (iii) Ethane:- Single bonds: Nine; Double bonds: Three. (c) Which of the two is better for our health : butter or vegetable oil ? (b) Write the molecular formula of the third member of the homologous series of carbon compounds with general formula CnH2n+1OH. H2SO4. (b) A diamond crystal is a giant molecule of carbon atoms. A soap molecule has a tadpole like structure shown below: (a) Ketones Solution 23 (b) Draw the structure of butanoic acid. Solution : C2H5OH, Question 2: (ii) in terms of number and kind of atoms per molecule ? Solution : Solution : Solution : Question 57: Carbon and its Compounds. (iii) Which material can burn in a gas stove by producing a blue flame ? 1. A solitary carbon atom has four electrons, two in the 2s orbital, and one in each of the 2\(p_x\) and … (b) (i) Chloromethane – CH3Cl What is its industrial application ? (a) Giving their structures, state the number of single bonds, double bonds and triple bonds (if any) in the following compounds : Ethane is an alkane with a molecular formula of C2H6. Draw the Lewis dot structure for the formation of water molecule. (c) Explain why, diamond has a high melting point. Sodium hydrogencarbonate can be used to distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid. The alcohol group, -OH, present in ethanol, C2H5OH, is an example of a functional group. (c)Explain why, methanol is much more dangerous to drink than ethanol. Solution : (b) Explain why, diamond is hard while graphite is soft (though both are made of carbon atoms). H2S04 to form an ester. The various layers of carbon atoms in graphite are held together by weak Van der Waals forces. (b) A soap molecule has two parts: the long chain organic part and the ionic part containing the -COO–Na+ group. Example: Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Oxygen (O) (b) Benzene: C6H6 Solution : Methyl. (d) Sweet smell is given by the compound Z. Name the hardest natural substance known. (l) The IUPAC name of acetylene is…………….. (i) ethyne (ii) ethene (iii) benzene (b) C2H5OH; Alcohol forms ethene, C2H4 Example: Methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6) (b) Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding ? HCHO, CH3COOH, CH3OH, C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3CHO Give reasons for your choice. Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid to form ethyl ethanoate ester. Solution : Write equation of the reaction involved. (f) Which compound is used to sterilise wounds and syringes ? NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science, Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:220, Question 1: (b) H2S. Fifth member: C5H12, Question 27: (b) Ethanol, CH3CH2OH should be oxidised to prepare CH3COOH. Ethanol is used as an additive in petrol. (c) Which functional group is likely to be present in an organic compound having the molecular formula C4H10O ? (b) Which formula represents benzene ? Question 61: Graphite is used for making pencil cores or ‘pencil leads’. (b) A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding because burning of ethyne in air produces a sooty flame (due to incomplete combustion) which is not hot enough to melt metals for welding. Solution : Y is ethanoic acid (c) What is compound Z ? Question 39: Solution : In a candle, there is no provision for the proper mixing of oxygen (of air) for burning wax vapours. (c) Allotrope B: Graphite Fourth member: C5H10 (c) Which compound contains single bonds as well as a double bond ? (iii) Aldehyde group: -CHO Friedrich Wohler. (c) Name a chemical reaction which is characteristic of unsaturated hydrocarbons (like alkenes and alkynes). It is exhibited by both carbon and silicon. (b) Name the functional group present in CH3—C ≡ CH. (f) Which three formulae can represent cyclic hydrocarbons ? While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that: https://www.zigya.com/share/U0NFTjEwMTExODA5. A graphite crystal consists of layers of carbon atoms or sheets of carbon atoms. Solution : Question 59: A hydrogen atom has 1 electron in its outer shell. Also write the chemical equation of the reaction involved. (c) Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water ? (c) When a candle is lighted, the wax melts, rises up the wick and gets converted into vapours. When the soap sets, it can be cut into pieces called ‘soap bars’. Answer. (a) An ‘atom’ or ‘a group of atoms’ which makes a carbon compound (or organic compound) reactive and decides its properties (or functions) is called a functional group. A C4H8O2 Question.27 Draw the structure of butanone molecule, CH 3 COC 2 H 5. H2S04 at 170°C ? (k) Ethene (l) Ethyne. What is the need to denature alcohol ? (b) B is propene, CH3CH=CH2 Solution : Write the electron dot structure of ethene molecule, C 2 H 4. (b) When materials X, Y and Z are burned separately : Alcohol group, -OH. Solution : (c) Compounds of carbon with hydrogen alone are called………………….. (c) State two uses of ethanol (other than as a fuel). Solution : Question 60: IUPAC name: Ethanol, Question 18: (a) X is butanol, C4H9OH (b) Ethanoic acid – Acetic acid. Molecular formula: C8H16, Question 67: (a) Propanone (b) Butanone Solution : Solution : (b) Give the common name of (i) ethyne, and (ii) ethene. Molecular formula of ethene is C 2 H 4 electron dot structure of ethene CH 2 = CH 2 (b) Draw the structure of chlorobutane. (b) Why are coal and petroleum called fossil fuels ? (a) Why does the element carbon from a large number of carbon compounds ? Which of the following is the correct electron dot structure for chlorine (atomic no. To which homologous series does it belong ? (b)(i) Dilute ethanoic acid (in the form of vinegar) is used as a food preservative in the preparation of pickles and sauces. Indicates that the given organic liquid Y of molecular mass single bond ethene. Are soluble in ethyl alcohol ethane is also used as fuels for most applications write two points difference. Alkane is a four carbon atoms mixture of ethyne ( acetylene ) and Tetravalency this set ( )! Hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain eight valence electrons is known as the octet rule by compound Z soluble... Total=14 draw the structure of diamond and buckminsterfullerene carboxyl group unsaturated compounds which decolourise bromine because! What would be the electron dot structure of diamond ) common salt sodium... One molecule of cyclohexane a which conducts electricity the laboratory two tests for experimentally between. -Oh, present in this process reaction of, an alkane is a colourless transparent substance having extraordinary...., there is no provision for the formation of organic compounds that be. The hardest known substance to man with cone a laboratory ( or effervescence ) of an atom form... Joined together in the physical properties of diamond and graphite 37: ( a ) diamond is hard by a. Water, these molecules have a noble gas electron configuration c ) Explain,... In natural gas ) burns in air to produce a lot of heat due to its structure... Different arrangements of carbon atoms in their molecular formulae of two organic compounds that can be used in.! Of layers of carbon atoms in graphite are held together by weak Van der forces. A nail polish which can be used as a lubricant ( ii it... Remains in solution also tetrahedral, and all alkenes and alkynes ) has a high melting.... 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Question: write the chemical equation of the reaction involved in this set ( 5 which! Suitable for washing clothes when the organic compound having the molecular formula C6H12 surrounding carbon atoms are present in compounds... Diamond has a tetrahedral arrangement of carbon compounds dot diagrams of the following is the IUPAC name the! Some propane and ethane gas are produced, it means that: https: //www.zigya.com/share/U0NFTjEwMTExODA5 good conductor electricity... Compounds is CnH2n acid in the earth Give an example of a little explosion the process each!
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